Busl KM, Bleck TP. Treatment of neuroterrorism. Neurotherapeutics. 2012;9(1):139–57.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Vatansever F, Ferraresi C, de Sousa MV, Yin R, Rineh A, Sharma SK, Hamblin MR. Can biowarfare agents be defeated with light? Virulence. 2013;4(8):796–825.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Clarke SC. Bacteria as potential tools in bioterrorism, with an emphasis on bacterial toxins. Br J Biomed Sci. 2005;62(1):40–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bioterrorism overview. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Updated February 12, 2007. http://emergency.cdc.gov/bioterrorism/overview.asp. Accessed 2 Jan 2016.
Darling RG, Woods JB. Medical management of biological casualties handbook. 5th ed. Fort Detrick, MD: US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; 2004. p. 80–91 (appendix I).
Google Scholar
Madsen JM. Toxins as weapons of mass destruction. A comparison and contrast with biological-warfare and chemical-warfare agents. Clin Lab Med. 2001;21:593–605.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marks JD. Medical aspects of biologic toxins. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2004;22:509–32, vii.
Yinon A. Introduction to toxins. In: Brener B, Catz L, Rubinstok A, et al., editors. The biology book: medical aspects and responses [Hebrew]. Netanya: SAREL Logistics Solutions& Products for Advanced Medicine; 2002. p. 109–12.
Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Botulism: information and guidance for clinicians. Updated June 14, 2006. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/Botulism/clinicians. Accessed 2 Jan 2016.
Keller JE, Neale EA, Oyler G, Adler M. Persistence of botulinum neurotoxin action in cultured spinal cord cells. FEBS Lett. 1999;456:137–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dembek ZF, Smith LA, Rusnak JM. Botulinum toxin. In: Dembek ZF, editor. Medical aspects of biological warfare. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Army Medical Department Center and School; Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center; 2007. p. 337–53.
Google Scholar
State of Israel, Ministry of Health. The Israeli doctrine for botulism [Hebrew]. Updated May, 2011. http://www.health.gov.il/Subjects/emergency/preparation/DocLib/tora/BIO_TORA_BOTOLISM.pdf. Accessed 2 Jan 2016.
Villar R, Elliott S, Davenport K. Botulism: the many faces of botulinum toxin and its potential for bioterrorism. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2006;20:313–27.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Botulism in the United States (1899–1996). Handbook for epidemiologists, clinicians, and laboratory workers. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, CDC, 1998.
Barr JR, Moura H, Boyer AE, et al. Botulinum neurotoxin detection and differentiation by mass spectrometry. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(10):1578–83.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Boyer AE, Moura H, Woolfitt AR, et al. From the mouse to the mass spectrometer: detection and differentiation of the endoproteinase activities of botulinum neurotoxins A–G by mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2005;77(13):3916–24.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rosen O, Feldberg L, Gura S, Zichel R. Improved detection of botulinum type E by rational design of a new peptide substrate for endopeptidase-mass spectrometry assay. Anal Biochem. 2014;456:50–2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rosen O, Feldberg L, Gura S, Zichel R. A new peptide substrate for enhanced BoNT/B detection by endopep-LC-MS-MS/MRM assay. Anal Biochem. 2015;473:7–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rosen O, Feldberg L, Gura S, et al. Early, real-time medical diagnosis of botulism by endopeptidase-mass spectrometry. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(12):e58–61.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV, Working Group on Civilian Biodefense, et al. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 2001;285:1059–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Notice of CDC’s discontinuation of investigational pentavalent (ABCDE) botulinum toxoid vaccine for workers at risk for occupational exposure to botulinum toxins. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:1454–5.
Google Scholar
Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ, Reyes VE. Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Toxins. 2010;2:2177–97.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rajagopalan G, Sen MM, Singh M, et al. Intranasal exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B elicitsan acute systemic inflammatory response. Shock. 2006;25:647–56.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rusnak JM, Kortepeter M, Ulrich R, Poli M, Boudreau E. Laboratory exposures to staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1544–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
McKay DM. Bacterial superantigens: provocateurs of gut dysfunction and inflammation? Trends Immunol. 2001;22:497–501.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Foster TJ. Immune evasion by staphylococci. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005;3:948–58.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fraser JD, Proft T. The bacterial superantigen and superantigen-like proteins. Immunol Rev. 2008;225:226–43.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gill DM. Bacterial toxins: a table of lethal amounts. Microbiol Rev. 1982;46:86–94.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Papageorgiou AC, Acharya KR. Microbial superantigens: from structure to function. Trends Microbiol. 2000;8:69–75.
Article
Google Scholar
Kappler J, Kotzin B, Herron L, et al. V beta-specific stimulation of human T cells by staphylococcal toxins. Science. 1989;244:811–3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mantis NJ. Vaccines against the category B toxins: staphylococcal enterotoxin B, epsilon toxin and ricin. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57:1424–39.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ohlsen K, Lorenz U. Immunotherapeutic strategies to combat staphylococcal infections. Int J Med Microbiol. 2010;300:402–10.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kumar S, Ménoret A, Ngoi SM, Vella AT. The systemic and pulmonary immune response to staphylococcal enterotoxins. Toxins (Basel). 2010;2:1898–912.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Musch MW, Petrof EO, Kojima K, Ren H, McKay DM, Chang EB. Bacterial superantigen-treated intestinal epithelial cells upregulate heat shock proteins 25 and 72 and are resistant to oxidantcytotoxicity. Infect Immun. 2004;72:3187–94.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cook E, Wang X, Robiou N, Fries BC. Measurement of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in serum and culture supernatant with a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2007;14:1094–101.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Soto CM, Martin BD, Sapsford KE, Blum AS, Ratna BR. Toward single molecule detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B: mobile sandwich immunoassay on gliding microtubules. Anal Chem. 2008;80:5433–40.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yang M, Kostov Y, Bruck HA, Rasooly A. Gold nanoparticle-based enhanced chemiluminescence immunosensor for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in food. Int J Food Microbiol. 2009;133:265–71.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Woody MA, Krakauer T, Stiles BG. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B mutants (N23 K and F44S): biological effects and vaccine potential in a mouse model. Vaccine. 1997;15:133–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Krakauer T. Chemotherapeutics targeting immune activation by staphylococcal superantigens. Med Sci Monit. 2005;11:290–5.
Google Scholar
Yang X, Buonpane RA, Moza B, et al. Neutralization of multiple staphylococcal superantigens by a single-chain protein consisting of affinity-matured, variable domain repeats. J Infect Dis. 2008;198:344–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Alves GG, Machado de Ávila RA, Chávez-Olórtegui CD, Lobato FC. Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin: the third most potent bacterial toxin known. Anaerobe. 2014;30:102–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Popoff MR. Epsilon toxin: a fascinating pore-forming toxin. FEBS J. 2011;278(23):4602–15.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stiles BG, Barth G, Barth H, Popoff MR. Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin: a malevolent molecule for animals and man? Toxins (Basel). 2013;5(11):2138–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fernandez Miyakawa ME, Zabal O, Silberstein C. Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin is cytotoxic for human renal tubular epithelial cells. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2011;30(4):275–82.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barkley Brunett L. Clostridium perfringens toxin (epsilon toxin) attack. In: Ciottone GR, Anderson PD, editors. Disaster medicine. 1st ed. Maryland Heights: Mosby Inc.; 2006. p. 705.
Google Scholar
Hunter SE, Clarke IN, Kelly DC, Titball RW. Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin gene and its expression in Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1992;60(1):102–10.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Adamson RH, Ly JC, Fernandez-Miyakawa M, et al. Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin increases permeability of single perfused microvessels of rat mesentery. Infect Immun. 2005;73(8):4879–87.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Finnie JW. Pathogenesis of brain damage produced in sheep by Clostridium perfringens type depsilon toxin: a review. Aust Vet J. 2003;81(4):219–21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Finnie JW, Manavis J, Blumbergs PC. Aquaporin-4 in acute cerebral edema produced by Clostridium perfringens type depsilon toxin. Vet Pathol. 2008;45(3):307–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Miyamoto O, Minami J, Toyoshima T, et al. Neurotoxicity of Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin for the rat hippocampus via the glutamatergic system. Infect Immun. 1998;66(6):2501–8.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Miyamoto O, Sumitani K, Nakamura T, et al. Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin causes excessive release of glutamate in the mouse hippocampus. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2000;189(1):109–13.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Layana JE, Fernandez-Miyakawa ME, Uzal FA. Evaluation of different fluids for detection of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin in sheep with experimental enterotoxemia. Anaerobe. 2006;12:204–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Seyer A, Fenaille F, Feraudet-Tarisse C, et al. Rapid quantification of clostridial epsilon toxin in complex food and biological matrixes by immunopurification and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2012;84:5103–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Payne DW, Williamson ED, Havard H, Modi N, Brown J. Evaluation of a new cytotoxicity assay for Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1994;116:161–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McClain MS, Cover TL. Functional analysis of neutralizing antibodies against Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin. Infect Immun. 2007;75(4):1785–93.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Titball RW. Clostridium perfringens vaccines. Vaccine. 2009;27(Suppl 4):D44–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paddle BM. Therapy and prophylaxis of inhaled biological toxins. J Appl Toxicol. 2003;23(3):139–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mayor S. UK doctors warned after ricin poison found in police raid. BMJ. 2003;326(7381):126.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Poli MA, Roy C, Huebner KD, et al. Ricin. In: Dembek ZF, editor. Medical aspects of biological warfare. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General; 2007. p. 323–35.
Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Facts about ricin. Updated May 9, 2013. http://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/ricin/facts.asp. Accessed 2 Jan 2016.
Bradberry SM, Dickers KJ, Rice P, Griffiths GD, Vale JA. Ricin poisoning. Toxicol Rev. 2003;22:65–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moran-Gilad J, Tusk-Helerman L, Fogel I, et al. Ricin and abrin as potential bio-terror agents [Hebrew]. J Isr Millitry Med. 2010;7:124–6.
Google Scholar
Greenfield RA, Brown BR, Hutchins JB, et al. Microbiological, biological, and chemical weapons of warfare and terrorism. Am J Med Sci. 2002;323:326–40.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gu LQ, Ding S, Gao C. Aptamer-encoded nanoporefor ultrasensitive detection of bioterrorist agent ricin at single-molecule resolution. In: Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2009. 2009, pp 6699–702.
O’Hara JM, Brey RN III, Mantis NJ. Comparative efficacy of two leading candidate ricin toxin a subunit vaccines in mice. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013;20:789–94.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar